Current Situation Samsungs Position Marketing Essay

Diabetes 2 Essay Example For Students

Diabetes 2 Essay Diabetes A few people have a sickness that expects them to take every day infusions of insulin. This malady is called diabetes, and can't be restored. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where a non working pancreatic islet cells could be made to deliver insulin by and by. That would fix diabetes. The chance has set the diabetes world energized in the course of the last not many monthsever since specialists at McGill University in Canada and the Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) effectively recovered islet cells in diabetic hamsters. The analysts utilized a blend of proteins called Ilotropin to turn on nonfunctional islet cells. The treatment likewise made new islet cells develop where there had been not many or none. From that point forward, in a report in the May 1997 Journal of Clinical Investigations, the analysts have distinguished the quality that Ilotropin triggers, the one associated with recovering the islet cells. On the off chance that the human form of a similar quality could be turned on in comparable style, type I insulin subordinate diabetics and type IIs who infuse insulin may have their normal insulin-creating mechanical assembly reestablished. What is Diabetes? All things considered, this malady is known as diabetes mellitus, diabetes from the Greek word meaning inordinate pee, a manifestation the Greeks saw, and mellitus, from the Latin for nectar, which is on the grounds that diabetic pee is loaded up with sugar and is sweet. Doctors and clinical books utilize the term diabetes mellitus, yet is the most ordinarily called diabetes. There are two significant sorts of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Them two are somewhat unique. Be that as it may, everybody with diabetes makes them thing in like manner: Little or no capacity to move sugaror glucoseout of their blood into their cells, where it is the bodys essential fuel. Everybody has glucose in their blood, regardless of whether they have diabetes. This glucose originates from food. At the point when we eat, the stomach related procedure separates sugars into glucose, which is assimilated into the blood in the small digestive tract. To get insulin into the blood, do you need to infuse it with a needle? Indeed, however ideally not for an excess of longer. Two new examinations show that an exploratory new breathed in insulin is at any rate as successful as infused insulin. A no-infusion strategy for insulin has been the most significant investigation for diabetes inquire about for quite a while, in light of the fact that it would make blood glucose control a lot simpler. Insulin pills fizzled in light of the fact that acids in the stomach devastate the pill. Spurting insulin into the nose additionally demonstrated a whole lot of nothing in light of dosing issues and nasal aggravation. In any case, researchers presently appear to have hit on something that works, which is a fine powder breathed in by mouth into the lungs, where it very well may be retained into the circulatory system. The hormone is controlled with an electric lamp estimated inhaler. Does diabetes cause visual deficiency? At times is does, Compared with non-diabetics, individuals with diabetes are multiple times bound to get visually impaired. Among individuals who are legitimately visually impaired, eight percent lost their vision in light of diabetes. Every year, diabetes is the basic reason for twelve percent of new visual impairment analyze. Among new findings of type 2 diabetes, up to 21 percent give some level of visual deficiency. The most well-known kind of eye illness that diabetics get is retinopathy. Retinopathy is brought about by harm to the veins that sustain the retinal nerves. Similarly as ineffectively controlled diabetes hurts the significant conduits, causing coronary illness and stroke, the ailment likewise negatively affects the little veins in the retina. Diabetes additionally increment danger of waterfalls, brought about by obfuscating of the focal point of the eye, and glaucoma, brought about by an expansion in liquid weight inside the eye that harms the optic nerve. In non-diabetic grown-ups, under 1 percent have glaucoma and 3 percent have waterfalls. Among individuals with diabetes, the figures are 7 percent that have glaucoma and 22 percent have waterfalls. These conditions cause a great part of the vision hindrance in individuals determined to have diabetes over age 30 (type 2). .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .postImageUrl , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:visited , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:active { border:0!important; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:active , .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1aacf48b 790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1aacf48b790111a15f2f2b8d40bada0a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Copernicus Essay Risk of the two waterfalls and glaucoma increments with age. These conditions are another explanation diabetics ought to have yearly eye tests. In the event that waterfalls become extreme, the eye focal point can be supplanted with a counterfeit focal point. In the event that glaucoma creates, it tends to be treated with prescriptions that decrease the .

Childhood And Youth Studies Example

Childhood And Youth Studies Example Childhood And Youth Studies â€" Essay Example > Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one the content theories of motivation in the human context. Abraham Maslow proposed a positive theory based on his studies of successful people that included his own mentors. His criticism was in the traditional psychological methods of developing theories on dysfunction people; hence he developed a theory based on the concept of self-actualization. He classified his theory in two parts i. e. the different human needs and the relationship between the different classes. The first class is the general satisfaction of basic needs also referred as physiological needs i. e. food, shelter and clothing. The next motivator is safety e. g. job security. Humans desire to be secure physically and even psychologically. The third level is social needs. This entails belonging, being loved and acceptance in a group. The next level is esteem needs e. g. gaining respect from others, recognition for a job well done and finally the self-actualization level where the extent of success and achievements in life are the main measures (James W. 2010). This analysis attempts to explain how the motivational theory can be used when working with children and young people in the society. The Hierarchy of Needs gives a clear explanation of the needs of children and young people in the society. This helps them to be comfortable in their natural set up/ environment, and internally. At the first level, every child needs physical requirements. These needs are rather simplistic i. e. they allow the child or the young people to be comfortable, without being hungry, or even thirsty. A feeling of safety is the next progression. Children and young people desire a safe environment i. e. physical situation that in turn satisfies their emotions. The next level of social needs deals with the emotional fulfillment. The young people must feel loved and acceptable. They need the feeling that they can belong to a social group giving them comfort within their surrounding s. Once they position themselves in a social group, there is the desire to be recognized within the group. Comfort is only achieved if there is acceptance and further recognition. The young people are by this stage accustomed to their surroundings and their acquaintances. This must follow the process of accustoming themselves to knowledge, through learning, knowing, and understanding. This is gives the aesthetic part of any child's or any young person’s needs. To become self-fulfilled, they must do so by realizing their sense of being. This is achieved when they understand who they are through acquiring knowledge by learning. To achieve all these needs, it is necessary to incorporate group activity in classrooms, circle time and even individual attention in the daily endeavors. If one level is weak within the young people, then it is difficult to proceed to the next level. There is therefore, need for educators to learn the skills that will steer these individuals to the highest level of the hierarchy (Lou, 2011). The theory covers all environments i. e. at home, school and in the community. Teachers need to learn the motivators of every student and then proceed to individualize these to attain their goal in effective learning. At the home set up, parents and guardians are among the worst developers and shapers of the child’s behavior. This has been found out to be the cause of violence amongst the adolescents and abuse of drugs in later years. The lack of proper knowledge in shaping a child’s behavior towards progression in life hinders achievement up the needs hierarchy (National Community Education Association, 1980). The community setting to any young person should give a sense of belonging there and accepted. A good example is in the racist communities. Any young person living in such an environment where other children pick on him would be less motivated ((Ted and Barbara, 2010). The responsibility would then be to find ways to help such a perso n to feel accepted. In schools, educators need to understand that every child matters thus attention should be given according and equally. Every students needs to feel safe, be healthy, make contributions in life, enjoy and even become an achiever in school and later in life. To impact life survival skills in children and the young people, motivation along the way is highly recommended especially in their emotions. The growing stages come along with different moods that easily demoralize a child. Some may feel they are not loved; they are not wealthy, unworthy and so on(Duane and Sydney, 2005).

Different Factors Of Mission Alignment Process Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1056 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Practice what you preach. Walk your talk. Actions speak louder than words. These are all phrases commonly used to describe the expectation that words should match behaviors. Mission is the foundation upon which decision makers can build corporate strategic planning processes (Pearce and Roth, 1988, p. 39). A mission statement defines the purpose of the organization; it acts as the invisible hand that guides people within the organization so that they can work independently and yet collectively to achieve desired levels of organization performance (Kotler et al., 1996). This suggests that the mission is the basis for internal policies and procedures. According to Bart, Bontis and Taggar (2001) a clearly written mission statements are more likely to be aligned with a firms internal policies and systems, and better alignment is more likely to result in an effective guide for employees. (Bartkus and Glassman, 2008) A firms mission statement is an enduring statement of purpose that distinguishes its business from its peer firms, identifies its scope of operations, embodies its business philosophy and reflects the image it seeks to project (Toftoy and Chatterjee, 2004).The mission statement is expected to guide and direct employees and managers (Campbell, 1997; Ireland and Hitt, 1992).Missions typically include clear references to financial performance, environmental responsibility, employee respect, and excellence in customer service, too often it is only financial performance that gets measured and managed while the other equally important parts of the mission get lost in noble words (Desmidt, Prinzie and Decramer,. 2011). In other words, there is a gap between what the mission says and what people in the organization believe is managements real message. This gap is a result of the lack of alignment among the managerial tools of policies, procedures, and practices with the mission. This lack of alignment confuses everyone about what the missi on really is as they try to implement it. (Crotts el at., 2005). The study by Crotts el at (2005) shows the linkage between organizational mission and financial performance founded that the degree to which an organization aligns its internal structure, policies, and procedures with its mission was positively associated with employee behavior which had the most direct relationship with financial performance. Mission statements are intended to motivate (and in so doing, control) the behavior of organizational members towards common organizational goals (Bart el al., 2001) The Mission Alignment Audit Process Defines the outcomes of the mission in measurable terms it Identify key policies, procedures and practices that cue employee behavior (e.g., job descriptions, annual plans) .It also creates an audit of whether or not the mission is included in each key policy, procedure, and practice of an organization and at the end mission alignment process fix and align any item that is ou t of alignment and compares the audit results against the mission outcome measurement to a firm value of alignment (Crotts el at. 2005). The mission and organizational alignment includes the functional effectiveness of human resource functions, the involvement and alignment of human resource with the firms business strategy the role of the human resource functions in organizations as a business partner, and the leadership style of top management including the success in communication the firm mission(Huselid and Becker, 1997) .Huselid and Baker believes that each of mission alignment step is an integral part of an organizational context that supports and reinforces the returns from a high performance human resource system. Bart and Baetz (1998) were the first researchers to introduce the concept of mission and organizational alignment as potentially important factors to a mission influence over employee behavior. The authors observed that the degree to which an organization al igned its structure, system and procedure with its mission represented one of the most powerful, positive and most pervasive relationships with performance in general, but especially with employee behavior. Al-Anzi (2009) presented the key factors that affect employees productivity and performance fall into two categories. First those factors that are driven by procedures, protocols and management requirements and secondly those factors that arise from premises, office or factory design. Employees have always been a dominant component of mission statements, demonstrating the organizations attitude and commitment to employees development (Strong, 1997). When organizational recruitment, rewards and information systems are aligned with the specific components in a mission statement they serve to reinforce for employees the message in the mission. This is because a high degree of organizational mission alignment tightens the focuses and priorities and makes clear the direction in which an organization is headed (Bart and Baetz, 1998).Strong (1997) stated that 35% of all organizations incorporate this stakeholder group in their mission, thus acknowledging employees as instrumental to the achievement of organization strategic goals. Alavi and Karami (2009) states that there are two principal benefits of having a mission alignment ,first is the better staff motivation towards achieving a common organizational purpose, or sense of mission and second is a more focused/improved allocation of organizational resources. Hall (2002) presents that employee performance is based on the critical knowledge and learning within an organization. To be measured core competencies and skills needed to deliver products and services at high level of quality must be identified by the organizational mission and policies. Employee performance is also recognizes that the real value added to an organization is the employees ability to use knowledge to solve problems related to deliv ery of services and products to the customer. Aligning the organizational mission will help the management to improve their performance as by revisiting the policies related to employees. This will help them in better way to overcome their weaknesses and perform according to the organizational needs and requirements (Hall, 2002). Bart and Bontis (2003) suggest that employees and their boards appear to be relatively aware of their organizations mission. Only a small percentage of employees indicated that there was somewhat aware of the mission and very few stated that there was no awareness at all. Nevertheless, for the most part, there were still a large number of employees who were not highly or fully aware of their Organizations mission. Employees know, understand and remember the mission this is an important and significant contributor to having individuals throughout the organization commit to it. The more aware the employees are of their organizations mission, the greater th eir organizational members commitment to it will be. Moreover, employees awareness of the mission is equivalent in in terms of both managements awareness of the mission and managements involvement with the missions development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Factors Of Mission Alignment Process Business Essay" essay for you Create order

Frankensteins Monster and Victor - 1508 Words

Although a large sum of the disobedience and obedience to authority in Frankenstein is pure disobedience, there are a few instances where a character was obedient—one of these occurrences involved the creature. The creature vows revenge on Victor for creating him, and due to this, the creature carries out revenge, thus illustrating that he obeyed his own authority. Erich Fromm explains that â€Å"Obedience to a person, institution, or power is submission; it implies the abdication of [one’s] autonomy and the acceptance of a foreign will or judgment in place of [one’s] own. Obedience to [one’s] own reason or conviction is not an act of submission, but one of affirmation† (623). When this is noted, it becomes apparent that the creature follows a form of obedience called autonomous obedience, which means that the conviction and judgment, if authentically his, are a part of him (Fromm 623). If the creature follows them rather than the judgment of others , he is being himself; hence the term obey can be practical only in a figurative sense and with a connotation which is profoundly dissimilar from the one in the case of heteronomous obedience, which is the â€Å"obedience to a person, institution, or power originating from an outside source† (Fromm 623). Autonomous obedience can be further divided into authoritarian conscience and humanistic conscience. Authoritarian conscience is what the majority of people experience when they follow their conscious, where humanistic conscience is â€Å"theShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship of the protagonist Victor Frankenstein and the monster. Throughout the novel Shelley stimulates the readers mind by raising the controversial statement in relation to scientific development, just because we can†¦ should we? 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Shelley’s novel follows the work of a promising chemist, Victor Frankenstein, who makes a remarkable discovery that has the potential to forever alter the scientific study and nature of human life. Ultimately, this science becomes liable for Victor’s tragic fate. Previous to Victor’s revolutionary breakthroughRead MoreThe Cruelty Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1310 Words   |  6 Pagesshe shows the maltreatment that Frankenstein’s monster is given for his unattractive physical features and what he does to terminate his isolation. Victor Frankenstein engulfed in the dedication of creating a god like image of himself creates a monster. Upon its creation, the monster’s entire perception of the world was around Victor Frankenstein resembling an infant perceiving its surroundings through its parents. Victor was the monster’s â€Å"father†. The monster tried to learn more informationRead MoreThe Existence Of Humanity By Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1264 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, one can view in the novel called Frankenstein the existence of humanity. As, is perceived of the creature constructed by Victor Frankenstein. The creature is an invention by a maniacal scientist, who neglects the monster by its grotesque appearance. Referring to the Novel, Frankenstein is differently with his own creation; due to the fact that the monster is not a living human, but an invention. Humanity plays a significant role in the novel, but also in the universe. By the definition

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(111) " as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe\." This survey has assessed the public presentation of the Tema Oil Refinery. The analytical attack adopted for the survey involves both the computation of energy strengths and capacity uses. The energy strengths showed that the refinery is non efficient in footings of its energy demand from 2000 to 2011 as it Average Annual Energy strength of 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 07KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined is much higher as compared to others with 0.05KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil refined and therefore hapless public presentation in footings of energy ingestion. The consequences besides indicated that, TOR ‘s capacity use rate fell between 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is low as compared to the general benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and hence, executing under outlooks. The survey besides examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery ‘s public presentation. The result revealed that unequal system care, deficiency of attachment to crude flexibleness demand and authorities policy of subsidization has impacted negatively on the public presentation the refinery. WORD COUNT: 4,089 PRESENTED TO: Dr Xiaoyi Mu CONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISM I, the undersigned, have read the Code of Practice sing plagiarism contained in the Students ‘ Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code governs the manner in which the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through the Plagiarism Detection Software to observe plagiarism SIGNED: ____________________________ Date: Table OF CONTENTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF ABREVIATIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF TABLESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ List OF FIGURESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BACKGROUNDaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 2.1 Global Refineries and RefiningaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 2.3 Theoretical FrameworkaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 3.10 Capacity UtilisationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.11 Energy IntensityaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. `3.2 Managerial Assessment ( MA ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 3.20 Maintenance CultureaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 4.0 CONCLUSIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. BIBLIGRAPHYaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ List OF ABREVIATIONS TA Technological Assessment TOR Tema Oil Refinery IOC International Oil Company NOC National Oil Company BSPD Barrels Per Day RFCC Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker CDU Crude Distillation Unit KOE Kilotonnes of Oil Equivalence LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas CU Capacity Utilisation EI Energy Intensity CRP Paraguana Refinery Complex GHAIP Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ATK Aviation Turbine Kerosene OMC Oil Marketing Company List OF TABLES Table 1: Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Table 2: Petroleum Product Production and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aˆÂ ¦.. Table 3: Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand AnalysisaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Table 4: Tema Oil Refinery Summary CharacteristicsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. List OF FIGURES Figure 1: Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Figure 2: Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 1.0 Introduction Crude oil in its natural province has no value until it is transformed into merchandises such as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises.[ 1 ]Therefore to refiner, the value of petroleum is nil other than the value of merchandises derived from it.[ 2 ]Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinement was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) most at times operate expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities.[ 3 ]IOCs are able to understate the short-term cyclical effects of rough oil monetary values and uncertainnesss of the market due to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other indepen dent refiners are vulnerable as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility.[ 4 ] On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that merely 7 of the part ‘s operating refineries can be classified as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in South Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are â€Å" kettle † .[ 5 ]The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state.[ 6 ] It is required to transport out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting giving it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD.[ 7 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value residue from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on about 80 % of electrical power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid.[ 8 ]When compared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR operations are secondary as it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic crude oil market.[ 9 ]It production degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to d islocations of some equipment. All these affected the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill. This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear analysis and image of the public presentation of Ghana ‘s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. You read "Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" This survey considered them to be critical in its appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as care civilization, conformity with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises. This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical model are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the reasoning chapter. Background 2.1 Global Refineries and Polishing The refinement procedure is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed into concluding crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every bit early as 1861 in the United State of America.[ 10 ]The first refinery was opened 1861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming.[ 11 ]Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels chiefly Gasoline.[ 12 ]Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally.[ 13 ]Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 14 ]But sometimes the Reliance Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest individual refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per twenty-four hours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) . However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe ‘s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 15 ] Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP Statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya.[ 16 ]The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours.[ 17 ]The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana charged with the duty of polishing rough oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion. 2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR ) The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was originally known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works.[ 18 ]The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the company.[ 19 ]As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990. TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD.[ 20 ]A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline.[ 21 ]TOR was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made direction to intermix different petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are imported from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement.[ 22 ]The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel.[ 23 ]The nucleus concern of TOR is to supply refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market.[ 24 ]The refinery depended entirely on imported petroleum for it production until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the full domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period. Year Crude input Petroleum End product 2000 1,131.8 1,028.4 2001 1,262.9 1,070.0 2002 1,179.4 1,155.5 2003 1,406.2 1,351.7 2004 1,813.5 1,604.1 2005 1,645.5 1,540.8 2006 962.2 891.2 2007 1,242.5 1,195.0 2008 1,396.7 1,221.5 2009 441.4 327.1 2010 902.5 946.4 2011 1,242.9 957.7 Table 1: Crude OIL INPUT AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011[ 25 ] FIG. 1 TREND IN CRUDE OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From Table 1, it can be seen that, the twelvemonth by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much lower decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are grounds of hapless public presentation of the refinery. Due to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural development within the refinery.[ 26 ]However, the trade did non happen due to proficient challenges the refinery was sing at that clip. Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery supply and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period. Table 2: Petroleum PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes ) Year TOTAL REQUIREMENT DOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLY IMPORTED QUANTITY Percentage OF IMPORTED ( % ) 2000 1,844.7 1,028.4 816.3 44.25 2001 1,870.9 1,070.0 800.9 42.81 2002 1,905.2 1,155.5 749.7 39.35 2003 1,920.8 1,351.7 569.1 29.63 2004 2,183.6 1,604.1 579.5 26.54 2005 2,119.1 1,540.8 578.3 27.28 2006 2,199.2 891.2 1,308.2 59.48 2007 2,390.7 1,195.0 1,195.7 50.01 2008 2259.2 1,221.5 1,037.7 45.93 2009 2,088.3 327.1 1,761.2 84.34 2010 2,536.2 946.4 1,589.8 62.68 2011 3,066.4 957.7 2,108.7 68.77 Beginning: National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning: Concept of the Writer From both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition traveling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey. 2.3 Theoretical Model The attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual direction of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et ‘ Al purported that complex refineries can better their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange between procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and between process units and hotter charge provender between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using modern engineering.[ 27 ] Romulo et ‘ Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twenty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure.[ 28 ]Others contended that there is no individual manner of measuring the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et ‘ Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry.[ 29 ] Jesuleye et ‘ Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as â€Å" Technological Appraisal † .[ 30 ]They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of finding the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that â€Å" the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limited to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as â€Å" Technological Assessment † of public presentation. Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) .[ 31 ]It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of terminal merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works. Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et ‘ Al, this method has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy preservation in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinement in Canada. For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et ‘ Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria.[ 32 ]The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery. 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Both Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill. TA focused on the Energy Demand through the finding of Annual Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the Annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack. 3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 ) Crude processed Capacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 2 ) Actual production degree The assorted Annual Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below. Table 3: TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS Year *Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr ) *Crude Input ( KOE ) *Petroleum End product **Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000 *Required standard Intensity KOE/1000 **Annual Capacity Utilisation % *Benchmark capacity Utilisation % 2000 61.5 1,131.8 1,028.4 0.054 Sodium 44.48 85 2001 64.1 1,262.9 1,070.0 0.050 Sodium 46.66 85 2002 Sodium 1,179.4 1,155.5 Sodium Sodium 50.39 85 2003 Sodium 1,406.2 1,351.7 Sodium Sodium 58.94 85 2004 Sodium 1,813.5 1,604.1 Sodium Sodium 69.95 85 2005 Sodium 1,645.5 1,540.8 Sodium Sodium 67.19 85 2006 60.2 962.2 891.2 0.063 Sodium 38.86 85 2007 78.4 1,242.5 1,195.0 0.063 Sodium 52.11 85 2008 87.8 1,396.7 1,221.5 0.063 Sodium 53.27 85 2009 44.5 441.4 327.1 0.101 Sodium 14.26 85 2010 82.6 902.5 946.4 0.092 Sodium 41.27 85 2011 90.3 1,242.9 957.7 0.073 Sodium 41.76 85 Beginning: * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 **Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressions NA ; Not Available Table 4: TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS Unit of measurement Status Capacity BPSD 45,000 Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION** % ( KOE ) 48.29 Average ANNUAL ENERGY INTENSITY** 1000Kt/yr 0.07 Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE* % ( KOE ) 3-6 * Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011, ** Calculated from Table 4. 3.1.0 Capacity Utilisation From Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery. 3.1.1 Energy Intensity From Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries even with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end product degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion. From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss. ` 3.2 Managerial Appraisal 3.2.0 Maintenance Culture There are a figure of direction related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers ; The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes frequent closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et ‘ Al cited by Badmus et ‘ Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month.[ 33 ]This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected.[ 34 ]Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected. A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana Water Company Limited for supply of H2O.[ 35 ]This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines.[ 36 ]Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times. Lack of conformity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum. However, direction tend to intermix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum.[ 37 ]This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product. 3.21 Government Policy of Subsidy As a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state.[ 38 ]This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To maintain ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values.[ 39 ]In 2003 authorities subsidy on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005.[ 40 ]In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by the refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to procure rough oil for its operation. Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply empirical groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill. 4.0 Decision Based on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing ill due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation. How to cite Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Reamers Guide And The Nohse Standards Essays -

Reamer's Guide And The Nohse Standards A Contrast and Comparison of Reamer's Guide and the NOHSE standards A lot of individuals are unaware of the presence of social workers in their respective Communities, and the variety of social work services provided by these individuals. While doing the interview with the Community Actions The Community Action Program Corporation of Washington-Morgan County, Ohio I was amazed at the complexity and of the number of human service programs in the local area. So many that I would guest that the question of ethics arises quit often. As a profession, social work has a long tradition with the concern of ethical dilemmas. The identification and resolution of ethical dilemmas is a foundation of social work education at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Social workers in all occupational settings have been faced with daily ethical dilemmas. While the nature and complexity of these dilemmas have changed over time, modern-day social workers continue to struggle with difficult ethical dilemmas. In fact, all professionals, regardless of their profession , face ethical dilemmas. As a result, over time, each profession (i.e. social work, law, medicine, military, etc.) has developed a method for dealing with ethical dilemmas unique to their expertise. While there are several methods for dealing with ethical dilemmas, the most common and accepted method is the development and implementation of a professional code of ethics. The development of a code of ethics for the resolution of ethical dilemmas is instrumental in the development and recognition of a profession by society. Therefore, one of the key attributes of any profession is the development and implementation of a code of ethics. The National Organization for Human Service Education (NOHSE) developed the Ethical Standards of Human Services Professionals. Professional ethics are concerned with the correct course of professional actions when dealing with ethical dilemmas. Human Services ethics are designed to help human services workers decide which of two or more competing goals is the correct one for the given situational context. The decisions the human services worker makes may affect only a few, however, in some case their decisions affect a multitude of individuals. There is no sure way of resolving ethical dilemmas, however knowing and honoring the ethical standards will assist the human services worker in making decisions that will be of th e greatest benefit for the targeted population or client. The ethical standards of the human services professional are a set of fifty-four guidelines developed by NOSHE to outline the human service professional responsibility to clients. The purpose of NOSHE is to provide a medium for cooperation and communication among Human Service organizations and individual practitioners, faculty, and students. Improve the education of Human Service personnel, by fostering excellence in teaching, research, and curriculum development. Encourage support, and assist the development of local, state, and national organizations of Human Services. Sponsor forums via conferences, institutes, and symposiums that foster creative approaches to meeting Human Service needs. Frederic G. Reamers, Ethical Dilemmas in Social Service in comparison gives the human services professional a wide range of complex and controversial concerns in ethical theory and practice. Reamer discusses the ethical concerns involved in working with individuals and families, the design and i mplementation of social welfare programs and policies, community work, and relationships with colleagues and employers. Although not part of the comparison between Reamers book and NOSHE I would also like to mention the National Association of Social Worker Code of Ethics mentioned in Reamers book. The purpose of this Code of Ethics is to establish that the human service profession has an obligation to articulate its basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards. The NASW Code of Ethics sets forth these values, principles, and standards to guide social workers' conduct. It is relevant to all social workers and social work students, regardless of their professional functions, the settings in which they work, or the populations they serve. It identifies core values on which social work's mission is based, and summarizes broad ethical principles that reflect the professions core values and establishes a set of specific ethical standards that should be used to guide social work practice. It is designed to help social workers identify relevant considerations when professional obligations conflict or ethical uncertainties